The United Kingdom, with a population of 66 million (84% England, 8% Scotland, 5% Wales, and 3% Northern Ireland) is European-not-European, in many ways culturally distinct from the continent though with shared humanistic values. With a median age of 40.6 and life expectancy of 81 years, this predominantly Caucasian (87.2%; next largest group is 3%), Christian (59.5%) / secular (25.7%) nation is 15th globally for HDI (0.92) and 6th for GDP.

A monarchy for many centuries, today a constitutional monarchy, the UK founded parliamentary-style democracy — following 5 centuries as a global empire. At the British Empire’s peak (1922), it included approximately 1/4 of the world’s land mass and 458 million people, having aggressively sought colonies for their natural resources, land for habitation, and creation of jobs for its citizenry. The Empire was noted for treating indigenous peoples poorly, however, including a trans-Atlantic slave trade; its demise began in the late 18th century with the loss of America, and ended in the mid-20th century with the rise in nationalism and self-rule following World War I and the economic blow of World War II. Today, with several remaining British Overseas Territories, and the Commonwealth alliance with former colonies, the construct of ’empire’ has never fully receded from the British consciousness.

There are sociocultural distinctions to be made among the component regions that make up the United Kingdom: England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. These fall generally along Celtic vs Anglo-Saxon origins, with England as the latter; throughout history, England has held much of the region’s power and populace, and some condescension and resentment thereof lingers today. However, these cultures now have far more in common than distinction, and a majority of citizens are a mix of these 4 groups. Shared cultural values today include: privacy, humour, common sense, honesty, consideration, fairness, informality, and diligence. Boasting of one’s status or accomplishment is considered crass, as is circumventing the system as opposed to achievement by one’s own effort. There is a general tendency to avoid conflict and maintain harmony, to keep to oneself and not get overly involved in the affairs of others. The culture is a mixture of direct / indirect, though far more the latter; humour tends to forms of sarcasm, mockery, and irony. The young urban generation is highly individualistic, more direct, and less civic-minded than their predecessors, indicating social change.

A formerly rigid class system in England, which largely broke down a century ago, continues unofficially in class consciousness based on one’s schooling, social orientations, region, and accent; self-identity and sense of belonging to one’s ‘group’, as well as in stereotyping and prejudice, remain. The majority, however, are middle class , defined as living comfortably, and having had secondary / tertiary education. A peerage system remains, however, a remnant of the former aristocracy, based on inheritance of money, land, and/or title. The concept of class, however, is falling out of favour sociopolitically, with the growth of social mobility and the knowledge economy.

Some of the sociocultural distinctions of note among the 4 components of the UK include support for monarchy and conservatism, not surprisingly the highest in England, especially in the south, and markedly less so in both Scotland and Wales. Traditional class privilege in England is today seen in a tendency to support the conservative Tory party, while the Labour Party is dominant in Scotland and Wales. Scotland is focused on economic matters, particularly natural resources, and the question of succession has been raised more than once; Wales focuses on cultural and linguistic matters, perhaps a softer, sociological form of separatism. Northern Ireland, consisting of many British people who migrated there historically, is the most closely aligned with England.

The demographics of the UK are shifting dramatically, as the nation becomes ever-increasingly multicultural — the former Empire coming home, as a majority of immigrants are from former British colonies. Although systemic marginalisation doesn’t seem to exist, and a moderately high degree of integration in residence can be found, non-European immigrants continue to experience discrimination in employment and elsewhere, and there is a perceived ‘threat’ among a significant portion of the citizenry — a key issue in the decision to leave the European Union, even as a majority of immigrants are from non-European countries. Family structures, once based on kinship groups, are also changing, along with an increase in contemporary social values; however, the majority of the populace still places high value on the extended family, though marriage is less of an expectation than previously.

Gender equality in the UK was downgraded on the most recent Global Gender Gap report (WEF),to 21^st globally; inequalities include a wage gap of 16%, women 3 times more likely than men to work part-time, and unequal representation in all fast-growing sectors (e.g, cloud computing, engineering, or artificial intelligence) — as well as a pervasive ‘lad culture’ (a term equated with brutish, traditional, and sexist behavior). Gender equality is not constitutionally enshrined, and lacking in both policy and strategy, with the UK’s exit from the EU as an additionally cited concern. Of the top 100 FTSE companies, just 7 CEOs are female; female MPs are at 34%, and police inspectors at 21.7%, to name a few issues. As well, sexist perceptions of ‘suitable’ work for women persist, and the allocation of domestic tasks falls largely to women. The ideal of gender equality is widely shared among the populace; however, this is not yet met with practice.

The Hofstede Cultural Dimensions model scores the UK high for individualism, moderately high for both masculinity (drive to success, competitiveness, value of status) and indulgence (leisure culture), low for risk aversion and hierarchy. The model does not distinguish among the 4 key regions that make up the UK: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

~EWP

Singapore, a Malay, then British, trading port since the 14^th century, has been an independent city-state since 1965, encompassing the island of Singapore and 54 small outlying islands. With a population of 6 million and a 100% urban environment, it is the most densely populated independent nation globally (along with Monaco); median age is 35.6 with a life expectancy to 86 years of age, while the birth rate of 0.86 children per adult female puts the nation in last place globally. Literacy is more than 97%, and school expectation 16 years (male) / 17 years (female), and women make up more than half of the population (sex ratio: 0.96 m:f). The government forecasts that by 2030, immigrants will make up more than 50% of the population.

Singapore is an exceedingly multicultural nation, a source of pride: 74% Chinese, 13.5% Malay (including Indonesian), 9% Indian, 3% Other (including European). Four official languages include English, Mandarin, Malay, and Tamil; religions are equally diverse, with 33.2% Buddhist, 18.8% Christian, 14% Muslim, 10% Taoist, 5% Hindu, 0.6% other, and 18.5% not affiliated (a status not legally permissible in neighboring Malaysia). Careful policy-making has ensured a national identity that both celebrates and transcends diversity, including 5 Shared Values: nation before community and society above self; family as the basic unit of society; community support and respect for the individual; consensus, not conflict; racial and religious harmony.

Singapore has a highly developed economy with a GDP ranked 38th globally, and an HDI of 0.932 or 4th in the world. A global financial centre, Singapore has several advantages: strategic location, absence of corruption, skilled workforce, favorability toward foreign investment, and export focus, thereby a strong free-market economy. Economic prosperity is part of the national culture; the concept of kiasu, “afraid to lose,” refers to a drive for achievement and resulting competitiveness, and Singaporeans jokingly refer to a desire for the “5 Cs” — career, car, condominium, credit card, and [private] club membership. The labour market is strongly dependent on migrant workers, however, currently at more than 1.4 million. Challenges include a rising cost of living, dependency on immigration, a 9.1% youth unemployment, and income inequality.

The nation is a parliamentary republic, with multiple political parties — though the People’s Action Party has governed since independence. Lee Kuan Yew, ‘father of the nation’ identified by some as a near-cult figure, served as prime minister 1959-1990 and forged the new nation with a strong hand; the third and current prime minister is his eldest son. Renowned for its conservatism and strict local laws, the government boasts stability and security. Singapore has its first female president, a largely ceremonial position, since 2017, who ran uncontested after 2 other candidates were disqualified; she is Malay, the first such in the presidency for 47 years, as the election was limited to one ethnic group to foster greater minority representation in government.

 

The media is tightly controlled; international watchdog Reporters Without Borders, in their annual World Press Freedom Index, currently place the nation at 158th globally for journalistic freedom, and  The Media Development Authority has power of censorship. and the government brings lawsuit or otherwise pressures journalists to self-censor; freedom of speech in the online format has also been curtailed. Singapore maintains capital punishment for drug-smuggling, and caning as another form of punishment; social behavior is strictly governed, including fines and other penalties for acts such as littering, public urination, and political activity outside of established parties.

Singapore ranks just 54^th globally for gender equality [Global Gender Gap Report (2020), WEF], though 6^th within East Asia & Oceania. The wage gap is 16.3%, labour force participation 59.8%; 25% of corporations have no women in senior management, with 10.3% on average among all listed companies. Political representation currently stands at 9 out of 37 (24%) cabinet members, and 23% of parliament. Recent improvements have been made in economic participation and opportunity, as well as educational attainment; there are large numbers of women in traditionally segregated industries such as engineering and cloud computing, and gender parity in marketing. Barriers remain for women’s labour participation overall, specifically full-time and in high-paying sectors; as well as shared childcare and inclusive, flexible work policies.

Hofstede Cultural Dimensions model ranks Singapore moderately high for hierarchical structure and long-term orientation, low for individualism, and very low for risk aversion. In comparison to those nations representing the 3 primary ethnic groups of multicultural Singapore, the nation shows notable distinctions as follows: less hierarchical than Malaysia, less individualistic than India,  more long-term in orientation than either India or Malaysia, more indulgent that either China or India — and considerably less risk-averse than any of the other three.

~EWP

Georgia, in the pivotal Caucasus area of Eurasia, has been a source of rivalry among regional powers for centuries. With a current population of just 4.3 million, 1/4 of whom live in the capital city of Tbilisi, the populace is 86.8% Georgian — and is rapidly aging, with a median age of 38.6, fertility rate of just 1.75, and life expectancy  to 77 years of age. There are more women than men, with a sex ratio 0.94 male:female; the literacy rate of 99.4% indicates a robust educational system. The economy is agricultural as well as industrial, with rich natural resources — but the youth unemployment rate, at 29.9%, is among the world’s highest.

Georgians have a very old culture, their ancestors having emerged from the Anatolia region in the 1^st century BCE; they have a distinct language and alphabet, literary tradition since the 6^th century, and academies of higher learning established in the 1200s. Shared values include loyalty to kin with kinship systems, honour, and hospitality.

Georgia has always been viewed as a crossroads between Asian and European cultures, a blend of Byzantine and Persian, Christian (84% Georgian Orthodox) and ‘pagan’ (animistic / indigenous). Today the country maintains an increasingly European identity. Hofstede Cultural Dimensions model identifies Georgian culture as moderately hierarchical, highly risk-averse, more short- than long-term in orientation, a blend of individualism and collectivism but significantly moreso the latter, more masculine than feminine in qualities, and low for indulgence / leisure. In comparison to its neighbouring cultural influences, Georgia is markedly less hierarchical than Russia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, and less long-term in focus; it is most similar to Iran, though more risk-averse and more long-term.

Following the fall of Constantinople (1453), Georgia was the only Christian realm surrounded by Muslim kingdoms, and an object of rivalry among Persia, the Ottomans, and Russia. The country was finally annexed by the Russian Empire in the early 19th century, to the empire’s collapse in 1917; it then became an independent democratic republic in 1918 to just 1921, when invaded by Red Army. An affiliated republic of the USSR since 1938, Georgia — the ‘most independence-minded of the Soviet satellites’ — declared sovereignty in 1989, and gained independence in 1991 when the USSR collapsed.

Georgia’s post-Soviet period has been somewhat tumultuous: having declared independence in 1991, later that same year a military coup took place, followed by 2 years of civil war as the Abkhazia and South Ossetia regions, bordering Russia, attempted to secede — areas that, in a 2008 5-day conflict with Russia, Georgia lost control over and which remain contested to this day. Georgia has become increasingly western-focused, to the concern of Russia: joining the UN in 1992 and CIS in 1993, it withdrew from the latter following the 2008 conflict — and is actively seeking EU and NATO membership today, while at the same time increasingly influenced by the US both economically and politically. Georgia’s age-old identity as the target of rival powers resurfaces once more.

The Rose Revolution took place in Georgia in 2003, a 20-day: peaceful change of power that also signified the society’s increasingly western orientation: the president was removed, triggering new elections for both president and parliament. In the aftermath, the presidential position has become largely symbolic (head-of-state is the prime minister), with a sociocultural shift toward greater alliance with Europe and a more western identity.

Gender inequality in Georgia, along with organised crime and corruption, is a matter yet to be resolved. The nation has a Gender Equality Council and Law on Gender Equality; yet, deeply rooted stereotypes prevail, with men perceived as dominant in social, economic, and political life. The wage gap is very large, at 35%, labour participation for women is at 72% but far less so in executive or other high-level positions, and female entrepreneurship is limited, the poverty risk high. Though the current (largely symbolic) president is female, women’s representation in parliament is just 11% at both national and local levels.

~EWP

Switzerland, a landlocked country in central Europe, was formed as a confederation in 1291 specifically to protect its borders — which speaks even today to its famous ‘studied neutrality’ / non-involvement and independence / isolationism. The nation is not part of the EU nor Eurozone, and only joined the UN in 2002. Its population of 8.6 million has one of the world’s highest GDPs, 2nd-highest HDI, very low unemployment, high life expectancy — and in 2015 was #1 on the World Happiness Report.

Some of the shared values of Swiss culture include cleanliness, honesty, hard work and material goods, independence, sobriety, thrift, tolerance, punctuality, responsibility, rationality, conservatism — and freedom, and a joie de vivre. The culture scores 100% linear-active on the Lewis dimensions of cultural behaviour — logical, rational, fact-oriented, methodical, intellect over emotion.

Switzerland has a political system of direct democracy unlike any other, which both reflects and further shapes the cultural psyche. A 7-member Federal Council collectively serves as head-of-state, its members replaced infrequently and therefore exceptionally stable; citizens vote several times a year on referenda and people’s initiatives. The system is highly decentralised and many decisions are made at canton (provincial) and especially commune (local) levels.

For a small country, Switzerland is highly diverse, as represented by its 4 official languages and 26 cantons; unity is highly valued, while uniformity is not. The stained glass dome of Parliament depicts the 26 canton flags; folk heroes William Tell and Helvetica symbolise independence and freedom, and unity and harmony, respectively. This is not without its challenges: a 2019 poll found that 59% identify racism as a major problem, and just 55% think migrants are moderately to well integrated; one-third feel uncomfortable in the presence of someone they perceive as ‘different’, while 28% have been victims of discrimination or violence.

Surprisingly, in such a highly developed country, gender equality remains problematic. Income inequity is nearly 20% in private corporations, 17% in public, and 23% at the executive level, while the average is just 13.6% among OECD nations. Though youth unemployment is relatively low at 7.9%, it is higher for females than males. In 2019, UNICEF identified Switzerland as “the least family-friendly nation in Europe” with the shortest maternity leave and one of the lowest paid, with no paternity leave. Gender-based violence and harassment are high; women’s representation in government is at 43% federal, 32% national, and 15% state. (As of last year, with a woman elected to an open seat on the Federal Council, the balance tipped to a majority of women — for the first time in history.) Global Gender Gap [WEF] currently ranks Switzerland 18^th , up from 20th last year — but down from 8th in 2015; it’s also worth noting that the Swiss woman was not able to vote until 1971 — and not until 1985 to hold a bank account in her own name.

Famously, Switzerland introduced itself at a 1992 world fair by saying, “Switzerland does not exist.” The nation resists being quantified as one culture, and rightly so; however, it does have a national identity, albeit one of a patchwork of small and diverse regions that formed an alliance to ensure independence from its neighbors. The nation is both a model of diversity and lacking clear identity as a result. The mountainous nature of its topography further reinforces this sense of isolation, giving an impression to the world of a quiet, peaceful, serious, people who value solitude — and prefer to defy explanation.

Hofstede Cultural Dimensions rank Switzerland as high on individualism, masculinity (competitive, success-focused, merit-based) and long-term orientation, moderately high on indulgence and risk avoidance, and egalitarian / nonhierarchical. As its official languages indicate a possible correlation to neighboring Germany, Italy, and France, a comparison is also useful; Switzerland is very similar to all 3 on individualism, and to Germany and Italy for masculinity (France much lower than the others), egalitarianism (France much more hierarchical, Italy somewhat more), and long-term orientation (France lower than others) — and, perhaps surprisingly, Switzerland is much higher than all 3 for indulgence.

~EWP

The Philippines is a mountainous archipelago of 7000 islands — and 20 active volcanoes. The country has a median age of 24, life expectancy of 70, and a near-equal distribution of urban-to-rural; family size is on average 2.5 children, with first childbirth at age 22.5.

Its population of 109 million includes nearly 100 culturally and linguistically distinct ethnic groups, the two largest of which are Tagalog and Cebuano; most, other than a few indigenous groups, were ancestrally Malay. The Philippines has been identified as a unique blend of diversity and homogeneity.

The people are engaged politically; following a 20-year totalitarian government (1966-1986), the People’s Power movement accomplished regime change — and in 2001, this civil society initiative again ousted the nation’s president.

The Philippines is often described as a blend of ‘East’ and ‘West’ — based in a history of colonisation. A Spanish colony for 333 years, then US-governed 1889-1946 (with a close alliance remaining), the nation has been independent since. Its predominant culture is strongly Euro-American: 80% Catholic, English an official language, US-style education system, primarily Western-style clothing, but Asian at its core: kinship network, village-level governance, emphasis on Asian history and literature, and a revival of traditions.

The southern region of the Philippines has been primarily Muslim since the 15^th century (from Brunei); the US takeover in 1898 saw attempts at forcible inclusion or forcing out of Muslims, and relations between the south and the remainder of the country have been strained, with frequent terror attacks since the 1970s. A peace deal was signed with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in 2014 and non-Jihadist insurgency ended in 2019 – though a new anti-terrorism law, allowing imprisonment without due process, is under strong protest.

The Philippines is also considered to be one of the most ‘dangerous’ countries for journalists, one of whom was recently convicted of ‘cyber-libel’ for publishing criticism of the government; though freedom of the press is constitutionally guaranteed, in practice the media is frequently criticised and sanctioned. As well, there is a current climate of hostility toward marginalised communities, and restriction in online freedom of expression for all citizens.

Outside of the Manila – Quezon City – Makati urban configuration, there is a significant wealth disparity in the country. Though rich in natural resources, the Philippines is primarily agriculturally- and marine-based, more than 50% live in rural environs, and the country is a major foreign aid recipient. Despite this, the Philippines is known as an educational leader regionally, and has one of the highest literacy rates at more than 98% for both genders.

Despite often being identified culturally as patriarchal and misogynistic, the Philippines has a high degree of  gender equality in key areas: women outnumber men in senior / leadership roles, in professional / technical fields, and in both secondary and tertiary education. In 2019, the Philippines ranked 8^th globally (Global Gender Gap Report, WEF), though in 2020 falling to 16^th due to considerable decrease in political representation (Cabinet, from 25 to just 10%; Congress at just 28%). Other areas of concern include women in armed conflict, domestic violence, prostitution, imprisonment, and the lower status of unmarried women. The country is still #1 for gender equality in Asia.

Hofstede Cultural Dimensions for the Philippines indicate a culture that is primarily collectivist and strongly hierarchical, with a key emphasis on success and status, and a short-term orientation. It remains a culture, and a country, of contradictions.

~EWP